Organizing Qualitative Data by Theme: Identifying Patterns and Supporting Quotes

Sep 13, 2024, 9:38 PM

The Role of Pharmacists in Improving Vaccines Uptakes in Lusaka, Zambia.-1.csv

Missing file

Presenting Qualitative Data:

Organise findings by theme and present them with supporting quotes from the data.

Organizing Qualitative Data by Theme

To present the qualitative data effectively, we will follow these steps:
  1. Identify Themes: Review the responses to identify common themes or patterns.
  2. Group Responses: Organize the responses under each identified theme.
  3. Support with Quotes: Provide supporting quotes from the data for each theme.
Let's start by loading and reviewing the data to identify the themes.

Identified Themes

Based on the initial review of the data, the following themes have been identified:
  1. Gender Distribution
  2. Years of Experience
  3. Perception of Pharmacy Location and Vaccine Acceptance
  4. Economic Status of the Community
  5. Level of Education of Customers
Let's proceed to organize the responses under each theme and provide supporting quotes.

Organizing Qualitative Data by Theme

To present the qualitative data effectively, we will follow these steps:
  1. Identify Themes: Review the responses to identify common themes or patterns.
  2. Group Responses: Organize the responses under each identified theme.
  3. Support with Quotes: Provide supporting quotes from the data for each theme.
Let's start by loading and reviewing the data to identify the themes.

Identified Themes

Based on the initial review of the data, the following themes have been identified:
  1. Gender Distribution
  2. Years of Experience
  3. Perception of Pharmacy Location and Vaccine Acceptance
  4. Economic Status of the Community
  5. Level of Education of Customers
Let's proceed to organize the responses under each theme and provide supporting quotes.

What are the common perceptions about the location of pharmacies and vaccine acceptance?

Common Perceptions about the Location of Pharmacies and Vaccine Acceptance

To understand the common perceptions about the location of pharmacies and vaccine acceptance, we will focus on the responses to the following question:
"What is your take on the location of your pharmacy and vaccine acceptance if at all the government had to include you as a pharmacist?"
Let's extract and analyze the responses to this question.

Common Perceptions about the Location of Pharmacies and Vaccine Acceptance

Based on the responses, the common perceptions about the location of pharmacies and vaccine acceptance can be summarized under the following themes:
  1. Lack of Knowledge and Misinformation
    • "Individuals don't have vast knowledge on vaccines...and if some do it's information that was given to them by neighbours with a lot of negative things to say about it."
  2. Faith and Beliefs
    • "At a mall and vaccine acceptance is still crucial, a lot of factors involved e.g., faith beliefs."
  3. Support for Public Health Interventions
    • "It is available to support public health interventions."
  4. Rural vs Urban Perception
    • "Being rural, the response of vaccine acceptance is good."
    • "Strategic location and poor acceptance of vaccines amongst the community."
  5. Convenience and Accessibility
    • "Location is convenient for patient's accessibility. Most people are becoming receptive to vaccine once educated on the safety and the role vaccines play in disease prevention."
    • "Location of the Pharmacy should be accessible to many people of the community. The community needs to have knowledge on vaccines."
  6. Willingness to Participate
    • "I'm willing to participate."
    • "Pharmacist should be included."
These themes highlight the diverse perceptions regarding the location of pharmacies and vaccine acceptance, ranging from lack of knowledge and misinformation to the importance of accessibility and willingness to participate in vaccination programs.

What challenges do pharmacists face in vaccine awareness and administration?

Challenges Faced by Pharmacists in Vaccine Awareness and Administration

To understand the challenges faced by pharmacists in vaccine awareness and administration, we will focus on the responses to the following question:
"What challenges would you face in this location if you are incorporated in vaccine awareness, administration and other processes?"
Let's extract and analyze the responses to this question.

Common Challenges Faced by Pharmacists in Vaccine Awareness and Administration

Based on the responses, the common challenges faced by pharmacists in vaccine awareness and administration can be summarized under the following themes:
  1. Acceptance and Beliefs
    • "Acceptance, economic barriers"
    • "The major challenge would be people's acceptance, this is because of the differences in belief, values as well as the norms."
    • "Culture issues, Myths, Illiteracy."
  2. Educational Barriers
    • "Level of education"
    • "Little to no education on the importance of vaccination"
    • "Ignorance of the community about vaccination"
    • "Lack of knowledge on the importance of vaccination"
  3. Logistical Challenges
    • "Extra load of patients and need for more space or shelter during the rain season"
    • "Most places are outreach meaning the vaccines might lose potency because of no power in these rural setups and also logistics challenges e.g., fuel"
    • "Logistics and administration of injectable vaccines"
    • "Storage of vaccines to maintain potency"
    • "Community mobilization, cost of awareness, materials, cold chain capacity etc."
    • "Transport"
  4. Communication Barriers
    • "Language barrier"
    • "Communication due to illiteracy"
  5. Economic Barriers
    • "People paying for the services when public institutions are offering free services."
These themes highlight the diverse challenges faced by pharmacists, ranging from acceptance and educational barriers to logistical and communication challenges.

Prompt:

"Based on the responses to the open-ended questions regarding the role of pharmacists in improving vaccine uptake, can you identify and summarize the main findings under the following themes:**
Perceptions of pharmacists’ involvement in vaccine administration – What are the general attitudes towards the inclusion of pharmacists in vaccine distribution and administration?
Barriers to vaccine acceptance – What challenges do pharmacists report that might hinder vaccine uptake in their communities?
Community education and socioeconomic factors – How do respondents perceive the influence of education and economic status on vaccine acceptance?
Pharmacists’ knowledge and attitudes towards vaccines – What do pharmacists know about vaccines, and how confident are they in recommending them?
Suggested improvements or roles for pharmacists – What recommendations are given by pharmacists for improving vaccine awareness and administration?
Please provide supporting quotes for each theme

Main Findings from Open-Ended Questions on the Role of Pharmacists in Improving Vaccine Uptake

1. Perceptions of Pharmacists’ Involvement in Vaccine Administration

General Attitudes Towards Inclusion of Pharmacists
  • "Pharmacist should be included."
  • "I'm willing to participate."
  • "Including pharmacists in vaccine programs will optimize the benefits of vaccines to the target population in disease prevention and ensure wide coverage with reduced cost on government."
  • "It can be a wonderful move."

2. Barriers to Vaccine Acceptance

Challenges Reported by Pharmacists
  • "Acceptance, economic barriers."
  • "The major challenge would be people's acceptance, this is because of the differences in belief, values as well as the norms."
  • "Culture issues, Myths, Illiteracy."
  • "People paying for the services when public institutions are offering free services."
  • "Logistics and administration of injectable vaccines."
  • "Storage of vaccines to maintain potency."
  • "Language barrier."

3. Community Education and Socioeconomic Factors

Influence of Education and Economic Status on Vaccine Acceptance
  • "Level of education."
  • "Little to no education on the importance of vaccination."
  • "Ignorance of the community about vaccination."
  • "Lack of knowledge on the importance of vaccination."
  • "At a mall and vaccine acceptance is still crucial, a lot of factors involved e.g., faith beliefs."
  • "Not so educated and regard advice from pharmacists."
  • "Moderately educated but inquisitive with regards to vaccines."

4. Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Vaccines

Knowledge and Confidence in Recommending Vaccines
  • "Most people are becoming receptive to vaccine once educated on the safety and the role vaccines play in disease prevention."
  • "Educating the community."
  • "Improve patient education on the importance of vaccinating."
  • "Promote awareness about vaccination."
  • "Pharmacists can play a role in improving vaccine uptakes."

5. Suggested Improvements or Roles for Pharmacists

Recommendations for Improving Vaccine Awareness and Administration
  • "Providing accurate and unbiased information on vaccines and healthcare topics."
  • "Offering virtual support and resources to complement in-person pharmacy services."
  • "Community mobilization, cost of awareness, materials, cold chain capacity etc."
  • "Continuous updates and maintenance: Staying up-to-date with the latest vaccine information, guidelines, and regulations to provide accurate and reliable support."
  • "Location of the Pharmacy should be accessible to many people of the community. The community needs to have knowledge on vaccines."
These findings highlight the various perceptions, barriers, and recommendations provided by pharmacists regarding their role in improving vaccine uptake.

Can you visualize the responses related to pharmacists' knowledge and confidence in recommending vaccines?

Can you provide a correlation analysis and then a summary of the main findings.

It seems that the column '5. How often do you recommend vaccines to your patients?' does not exist in the dataset. This might be due to a different column name or the column might not be present at all.
To proceed, we need to identify the correct columns related to pharmacists' knowledge and confidence in recommending vaccines. Let's first list all the column names in the dataset to identify the relevant ones.

Correlation Analysis

Based on the column names, we will use the following columns for our correlation analysis:
  • 4. How confident do you feel in your knowledge of vaccines?
  • 1. How often do you recommend vaccines to your patients?
Let's proceed with the correlation analysis using these columns.

Summary of Main Findings

Correlation Analysis

The correlation analysis between pharmacists' confidence in their knowledge of vaccines and how often they recommend vaccines to their patients shows a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.06. This indicates a very weak positive correlation between these two variables.

Main Findings from Open-Ended Questions on the Role of Pharmacists in Improving Vaccine Uptake

  1. Perceptions of Pharmacists’ Involvement in Vaccine Administration
    • General attitudes towards the inclusion of pharmacists are positive, with many respondents expressing willingness to participate and recognizing the potential benefits.
    • Supporting Quotes:
      • "Pharmacist should be included."
      • "I'm willing to participate."
      • "Including pharmacists in vaccine programs will optimize the benefits of vaccines to the target population in disease prevention and ensure wide coverage with reduced cost on government."
      • "It can be a wonderful move."
  2. Barriers to Vaccine Acceptance
    • Challenges reported by pharmacists include acceptance, economic barriers, cultural issues, myths, illiteracy, and logistical challenges such as storage and transportation.
    • Supporting Quotes:
      • "Acceptance, economic barriers."
      • "The major challenge would be people's acceptance, this is because of the differences in belief, values as well as the norms."
      • "Culture issues, Myths, Illiteracy."
      • "People paying for the services when public institutions are offering free services."
      • "Logistics and administration of injectable vaccines."
      • "Storage of vaccines to maintain potency."
      • "Language barrier."
  3. Community Education and Socioeconomic Factors
    • Respondents perceive that education and economic status significantly influence vaccine acceptance, with lower education levels and economic barriers hindering acceptance.
    • Supporting Quotes:
      • "Level of education."
      • "Little to no education on the importance of vaccination."
      • "Ignorance of the community about vaccination."
      • "Lack of knowledge on the importance of vaccination."
      • "At a mall and vaccine acceptance is still crucial, a lot of factors involved e.g., faith beliefs."
      • "Not so educated and regard advice from pharmacists."
      • "Moderately educated but inquisitive with regards to vaccines."
  4. Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Vaccines
    • Pharmacists generally feel confident in their knowledge of vaccines and are proactive in educating the community and promoting vaccine awareness.
    • Supporting Quotes:
      • "Most people are becoming receptive to vaccine once educated on the safety and the role vaccines play in disease prevention."
      • "Educating the community."
      • "Improve patient education on the importance of vaccinating."
      • "Promote awareness about vaccination."
      • "Pharmacists can play a role in improving vaccine uptakes."
  5. Suggested Improvements or Roles for Pharmacists
    • Recommendations for improving vaccine awareness and administration include providing accurate information, offering virtual support, community mobilization, and ensuring accessibility.
    • Supporting Quotes:
      • "Providing accurate and unbiased information on vaccines and healthcare topics."
      • "Offering virtual support and resources to complement in-person pharmacy services."
      • "Community mobilization, cost of awareness, materials, cold chain capacity etc."
      • "Continuous updates and maintenance: Staying up-to-date with the latest vaccine information, guidelines, and regulations to provide accurate and reliable support."
      • "Location of the Pharmacy should be accessible to many people of the community. The community needs to have knowledge on vaccines."
These findings highlight the various perceptions, barriers, and recommendations provided by pharmacists regarding their role in improving vaccine uptake.

Conduct a correlation matrix for all the variables

Can you visualise the correlation matrix table for the code you just generated

It seems that the variable correlation_df_encoded is not defined in the current context. This might be due to an error in the previous code execution or the variable not being properly defined.
To resolve this, let's ensure that we correctly define and encode the dataframe for correlation analysis before attempting to visualize the correlation matrix.

Generate a correlation matrix for all the categorical variables

The correlation matrix for all categorical variables has been calculated. However, it appears that many of the variables have NaN values, indicating that there may be insufficient data for some of the correlations.
Let's visualize the correlation matrix to better understand the relationships between the categorical variables.

Visualise the correlation matrix in table format and provide a summary of the correlation analysing.

Summary of Correlation Analysis for Categorical Variables

The correlation matrix for the categorical variables has been visualized. Here are some key points from the analysis:
  1. High Correlation: Some variables show a high correlation (close to 1 or -1), indicating a strong relationship between them. For example, the frequency of recommending vaccines and the types of vaccines recommended show a high correlation.
  2. Low or No Correlation: Many variables have low or no correlation (close to 0), indicating little to no relationship between them. This is expected for variables that are not directly related.
  3. NaN Values: Some variables have NaN values in the correlation matrix, indicating insufficient data to calculate the correlation. This could be due to missing values or a lack of variability in the responses.
Overall, the correlation matrix provides a comprehensive view of the relationships between the categorical variables in the dataset. It helps identify which variables are strongly related and which are not, guiding further analysis and decision-making.
Feel free to ask any more questions or request further analysis!

Can you provide a detailed analysis of the most correlated variables?

Detailed Analysis of the Most Correlated Variables

Let's identify and analyze the pairs of variables with the highest correlation values. This will help us understand the strongest relationships in the dataset.
We'll focus on the top correlated pairs (both positive and negative correlations) and provide insights into their relationships.
Get started with Vizly